Average carbon footprint in Indonesia

Indonesia emits about 2.9 tCO2e per person per year (territorial emissions). That places it around #45 globally, which is considered low on a per-person basis.

This is about 39% below the global median of ~4.7 tCO2e per person. Within Asia, Indonesia ranks around #12 and sits about 57% below the regional median of ~6.7.

Population is roughly 283.5 million (2024).

GDP per capita is approximately $4,925 (2024).

Urban population is around 59% (2024).

Electricity renewables share is roughly ~18% of electricity.

Grid carbon intensity is roughly ~680 gCO2/kWh.

Per-capita emissions divide a country's total CO₂ output by its population. That lets us compare nations fairly regardless of size. A large country with high total emissions can still have low per-person emissions if its population is very large.

Globally, the main sectors driving emissions are electricity and heat, transport, industry, buildings, and food. The mix varies by country: colder climates often use more heating; car-dependent societies have higher transport emissions; industrial economies tend to show more industry-related CO₂.

For Indonesia, with low per-capita emissions, the challenge is often to keep emissions low while improving living standards. Avoiding lock-in of fossil infrastructure and prioritizing clean energy from the start can help.

GDP per capita is around $4,925 (2024). Lower per-capita emissions in many such economies reflect less energy-intensive lifestyles, though rapid development can increase emissions as transport, industry, and buildings expand.

Around 59% of the population lives in urban areas (2024). Urbanization can affect transport patterns, building density, and heating and cooling demand. Denser cities often support public transit and district heating; sprawl tends to increase car dependency and per-capita emissions.

Grid carbon intensity is relatively high, which means electrifying transport and heating yields smaller emission cuts until the electricity mix decarbonizes. Cleaner grids amplify the benefit of EVs and heat pumps.

Territorial emissions count CO₂ produced within national borders. Consumption-based emissions attribute CO₂ to where goods are consumed. Both perspectives matter for understanding the full carbon footprint.

Territorial emissions count CO₂ produced within a country's borders. Consumption-based emissions attribute CO₂ to where goods are consumed. Indonesia's territorial per-capita is ~2.9 tCO2e; consumption-based is lower (~2.6 tCO2e), suggesting net exports of embedded carbon. Both perspectives matter.

For Indonesia, with low per-capita emissions, the goal is often to keep emissions low while improving livelihoods. Potential levers include:

• Improving building insulation and energy efficiency
• Reducing car use and choosing electric vehicles
• Retrofitting older buildings with heat pumps
• Switching to renewable electricity and heat pumps for heating
• Expanding public transit and active mobility
• Reducing food waste along the supply chain
• Increasing renewable share in electricity generation
• Shifting diets toward less carbon-intensive foods
• Electrifying industrial heating and process heat
• Phasing out coal and fossil gas in power generation
• Cutting down on air travel and long-haul freight
• Improving industrial process efficiency

• World Bank: SP.POP.TOTL (2024)
• World Bank: NY.GDP.PCAP.CD (2024)
• World Bank: SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS (2024)
• CO₂ per capita, emissions: OWID (2024)
• Electricity intensity & renewables: OWID (2024)