Average carbon footprint in Canada

Canada emits about 13.4 tCO2e per person per year (territorial emissions). That places it around #5 globally, which is considered very high on a per-person basis.

This is ~2.8× the global median (~4.7 tCO2e per person). Within North America, Canada ranks around #2 and sits close to the regional median of ~13.4.

Population is roughly 41.3 million (2024).

GDP per capita is approximately $54,340 (2024).

Urban population is around 83% (2024).

Electricity renewables share is roughly ~64% of electricity.

Grid carbon intensity is roughly ~185 gCO2/kWh.

Per-capita emissions divide a country's total CO₂ output by its population. That lets us compare nations fairly regardless of size. A large country with high total emissions can still have low per-person emissions if its population is very large.

Globally, the main sectors driving emissions are electricity and heat, transport, industry, buildings, and food. The mix varies by country: colder climates often use more heating; car-dependent societies have higher transport emissions; industrial economies tend to show more industry-related CO₂.

For Canada, with very high per-capita emissions, the gap to global and climate targets is substantial. Decoupling economic activity from emissions—through clean energy, efficiency, and behavior change—is the main pathway to reduction.

With GDP per capita around $54,340 (2024), Canada is a high-income economy. Higher incomes often correlate with greater energy use, car ownership, and consumption-based emissions. Policy, energy mix, and urban planning can significantly change that relationship.

Around 83% of the population lives in urban areas (2024). Urbanization can affect transport patterns, building density, and heating and cooling demand. Denser cities often support public transit and district heating; sprawl tends to increase car dependency and per-capita emissions.

The electricity grid is relatively low-carbon. Electrifying transport and heating can reduce emissions effectively, especially as renewable share grows.

Territorial emissions count CO₂ produced within national borders. Consumption-based emissions attribute CO₂ to where goods are consumed. Both perspectives matter for understanding the full carbon footprint.

Territorial emissions count CO₂ produced within a country's borders. Consumption-based emissions attribute CO₂ to where goods are consumed. Canada's territorial per-capita is ~13.4 tCO2e; consumption-based is lower (~13.2 tCO2e), suggesting net exports of embedded carbon. Both perspectives matter.

Targeted actions depend on the country's starting point. For Canada, with very high per-capita emissions, potential levers include:

• Phasing out coal and fossil gas in power generation
• Reducing car use and choosing electric vehicles
• Expanding public transit and active mobility
• Switching to renewable electricity and heat pumps for heating
• Increasing renewable share in electricity generation
• Retrofitting older buildings with heat pumps
• Electrifying industrial heating and process heat
• Improving industrial process efficiency
• Reducing food waste along the supply chain
• Improving building insulation and energy efficiency
• Shifting diets toward less carbon-intensive foods
• Cutting down on air travel and long-haul freight

• World Bank: SP.POP.TOTL (2024)
• World Bank: NY.GDP.PCAP.CD (2024)
• World Bank: SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS (2024)
• CO₂ per capita, emissions: OWID (2024)
• Electricity intensity & renewables: OWID (2024)